Cyberbullying in Cyber crime - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1209 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Cyber Crime Essay Did you like this example? Cyber crime is defined as a crime in which a computer is the object of a crime or it is used as a tool to commit a crime. The term itself is extremely broad, as there are multiples subcategories of computer crimes and various crimes within each of them. Examples of cyber crimes that affect the personal being of a person are security breaches, fraud, digital piracy, child pornography, counterfeiting, and money laundering. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cyberbullying in Cyber crime" essay for you Create order There are also crimes that can corrupt the functioning of the Internet itself. Examples of these are hacking, spam, and cyberterrorism, which can lead to public disturbances and even death. A majority of cyber crimes are committed by Americans due to the widespread adoption of technology and the Internet. Identity theft is one of the most popular forms of cyber crimes in which hackers are able to access addresses, Social Security numbers, birthdates, and drivers license numbers. With these valuable pieces of personal information, cyber criminals can commit acts of fraud, such as receive medical services, apply for credit, and file taxes. The most common types of identity theft are tax ID theft, in which a thief files false tax returns using a stolen Social Security numbers, social ID theft, in which a thief uses personal information such as name and photos to create a fake account on a social media platform, medical ID theft, in which a thief steals medical information such as Medicare ID or health insurance information, and child ID theft, which is particularly difficult to detect until it is far too late. Similar to child ID theft, identity theft in general is usually so destructive due to the fact that it typically goes undetected until the damage is done and there isnt anything le ft to do. These types of criminals mostly leave you in financial difficulties such as denied loans, credit collections, mystery bills, and large sums of money disappearing from bank accounts. In order to report identity theft, the easiest way to do so is online at identitytheft.org or by calling 1-877-438-4338. Digital piracy is the distribution of copyrighted material in an illegal manner. For example, downloading a song, movie, electronic book, or software illegally is considered digital piracy, despite the fact that it seems like almost everyone does it in this day and age. In fact, the act of someone transferring files from their home computers to their work computers used to be considered digital piracy in earlier times. Media can be attained multiple ways, but most of it can be found through websites containing a large amount of pirated material. According to CNN, approximately 90% of all downloaded music is downloaded illegally, which is considered digital piracy. This statistic proves that it will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to halt this issue. If there are so many culprits, most of them ordinary people, then it is especially hard to squash each and every one of them. Though there have been many legal actions taken against digital piracy (Jammie Thomas Rasset was fine d one and a half million dollars for illegally downloading and sharing twenty-four songs in 2009. It was eventually reduced to $54,000, which still is a large sum of money to pay for such a crime.), many people argue that to call the action a crime is a crime within itself. A great deal of people compare it to worse crimes that could be committed on the internet and rebuttal with the fact that they should not be punished as severely in comparison. Most people who commit the crime of digital piracy typically think that the artists and or movies they are stealing material from are making enough money and that one illegal download wouldnt affect them severely. However, when over a million people have the same train of thought and end up committing the same crime, it adds up and has turns into the widespread problem that it is now. Cyberbullying is the typical definition of bullying, including spreading rumors, harassment, and impersonation, but the bully uses a computer or any form of technology to do such things, including posting embarrassing and or image altering photos of another person and sending offensive and hurtful messages. This form of cyber crime can range from mild to severe effects. A study conducted in 2006 showed that one in three teenagers are affected by cyberbullying and one in six preteenagers are affected by cyberbullying. Those who are inclined to bully can easily do so through cyberbullying, as it is through a screen, where identity and personal information can be concealed from their victim. As technology has become more advanced, the rate of cyberbullying has increased right along with it. Due to the fact that cyberbullying differs from regular bullying in terms of it not being physical and not being said in person, some people do not take it as seriously at they would regular bullying . However, cyberbullying should be taken extremely seriously, as it has the same detrimental effects as any type of physical harassment. In contrast to the popular expression, sticks and stones may break my bones but words will never hurt me, words can hurt very much. The fact that someone would take the time and energy to be so hurtful towards another person could be scathing to a teenagers (used as an example due to such a high statistic of being affected) self confidence and mental health. Insults and verbal harassment, which essentially is what cyberbullying is, can really make a person question their self worth, as it is human nature to tend to value the opinions of others before valuing our own. People in this world can be very cruel, and hiding behind a screen just proves them to be nothing but an insecure coward. In 2015, Amanda Todd committed suicide after being bullied for years on end. She passed away at the mere age of 15. That one incident in itself proves the severity and validity of cyberbullying and quite frankly it is sad that it takes the tragic passing of a young child to open the eyes of some people. As proven in the previous paragraphs, cyber crime is very serious and should not be taken lightly under any circumstances. It is extremely widespread and difficult to target each and every branch of the problem, but many people and groups of people have done their best to take action against it. Those who have been a victim of identity theft have proceeded to report their thieves on various platforms and some have even taken their cases to court. Digital piracy is very hard to stop, especially since various everyday people commit the crime daily. However, there are websites to report this crime to and even lawsuits that can be filed. In terms of cyberbullying, there can multiple ways to go about solving this massive issue. Telling an adult or even just an authority figure is always the first step. Then the bully should be blocked, but it is always wise to have proof of the bullying in case it is required. The internet was created to do great things, and indeed it has, however it has its negative effects, such as cyber crimes. It is simply up to the user if the risk is worth it.

Creationism vs. Evolution Essays - 1663 Words

Creationism vs. Evolution This paper will focus on the huge controversy between Creationism and Evolution. I will provide two opposing viewpoints on this subject. First, the discussion will focus on the question of why many people believe that God created the universe and all living things. On the other end of the spectrum, scientific information will be presented that substantiates the evidence against the existence of God. This creationism counter-argument known as evolution has its roots in our contemporary understanding of a progressive process of natural evolution. This process shaped the nature of all living things beginning with single-cell organisms and ending with highly complex creatures such as humanoids.†¦show more content†¦Because of this, each consecutive generation will exhibit more offspring with the more successful trait. The phrase â€Å"survival of the fittest† is derived from the process of continuous adaptation and selective survival based on most successful inherited traits. (Biographies, 2000). Even though many people believe that the theory of evolution was Darwin’s personal idea and creation, several of his thoughts actually existed before his time. Back in time of the ancient Greeks, the concept of life evolving came about. Two Greek philosophers, Anaximander and Empedocles had theories stating that all animals, as well as human beings, began in the vast waters of the earth, the oceans. From these theories, it was said that some animals left their natural habitat, the water, and adapted to life on land. Furthermore, the Greeks wrote about natural selection, but they did not provide a specific explanation as to how evolution would work. Because of these already known facts, the focal point of Charles Darwin’s theory was formed and an explanation to his theory of evolution came to life (Spetner 3). However, creationism is a contemporary adaptation of the timeless parable of the clash between Good and Evil. The concept behind this struggle is that everything in the world cannot remain neutral and must choose a side when in conflict. You are either on God’s team or you are sidingShow MoreRelatedEvolution Creationism Vs. Creationism924 Words   |  4 PagesAny point of contact with the scientific world in the 21st century will eventually lead one to the one of the most hotly contested topic in American education, that of evolution versus creationism. While the creationist point of view, as well as the evolutionary perspective, hosts a great variation of opinion amongst its supporters, Christianity is brought to the center stage time after time (Vuletic, 1994). Literal interpretation of the Book of Genesis’ account of creation falls contrary to theRead More Evolution Vs. Creationism Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution vs. Creationism Abstract In the history of science vs. religion there have been no issues more intensely debated than evolution vs. creationism. The issue is passionately debated since the majority of evidence is in favor of evolution, but the creation point of view can never be proved wrong because of religious belief. Human creation breaks down into three simple beliefs; creation theory, naturalistic evolution theory, and theistic evolution theory. The complexities of all threeRead More Evolution vs. Creationism Essay917 Words   |  4 Pages Evolution vs. Creationism The Evolution vs. Creationism controversy goes all the way back to the Publishing of Origin of Species in 1859 by Darwin laying the foundation for the evolution of life to be understood. Scientists are continuously finding more evidence to support Darwin’s conclusion; that organisms descended from a common ancestor modified by the mechanism of natural selection resulting in the evolution of species adapting to their environment. The following are the main geological topicsRead More Creationism vs. Evolution Essay1158 Words   |  5 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Where we come from is a question as old as mankind itself. There are countless numbers of religions, each with their own twist on the origins of earth and mankind, but one of the most highly visible debates would be creationism vs. evolution. Depending on where your beliefs lie, the Earth has been around somewhere in the neighborhood of 6,000 years to 4.5 billion years. One would tend to believe that this vast differe nce in time would make it impossible to have 2 â€Å"theories† thatRead MoreCreationism Vs. Evolution1130 Words   |  5 Pages Where do we come from? The creation of the world has been told through many different stories, and from a variety of religions across the world. The argument between evolution and creation has been debated back and forth for years. So how do we know which claim is correct? Has all life evolved from simple bacteria to all the species that appear today, or did life on earth begin with Gods creation of Adam from dust and his partner Eve from adam’s rib bone. As a child I grew up attending church everyRead MoreEvolution Vs. Creationism Debate1265 Words   |  6 PagesIn this paper I will be explaining two sides of the evolution vs. creationism debate. The topics I am going to write about are fossil evidence, the origin of life, and Darwin’s â€Å"theory† of natural selection. I will be presenting a view of both sides of the argument they will be on the creation side and evolution standpoint. I would suggest that you, the reader, would have a previous knowledge of all the topics so that you may get a full understanding of both sides. If there is no prior knowledgeRead MoreCreationism Vs. Evolution Essay1318 Words   |  6 Pagespublished his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which proposed the theory of evolution. This book, along with others that followed, began the long dispute between evolutionist and creationist. Were we created by a supernatural Supreme Being, or did our creation occur purely by chance? First, lets look at the two conflicting theories. Common usage of the term â€Å"evolution† is that living things in our world have come into existence through unguided naturalistic processesRead MoreCreationism vs. Evolution Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagesassumptions with empirically deduced scientific theories. The Catholic Church had a nasty habit of persecuting such ideological dissent toward creationism, calling it heresy and thereby somewhat suppressing a complete upheaval of the Scriptures. For many centuries to come, the scientific research grew and developed into theories like the Big Bang and evolution, though primarily in places where such progress was tolerated. The state of Tennessee in 1925 was not such a place. In the town of DaytonRead MoreCreationism vs. Evolution Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pages Creationism is the theory that man, the earth, and the rest of the universe was originally created rather than randomly exploding from nothingness into chance existence. We reside on the surface of a small superbly crafted, autonomous self regulating space vehicle. Together with survival, conquest and death w e bear witness to beauty, fragrances, love and music. Think about this. Mathematics, philosophy, springtime, depravity, farming, courtship, quasars, and iphones; all came from nothingness?,Read MoreEssay on Evolution VS. Creationism1412 Words   |  6 Pagesof man and how all living things acquired their characteristics. The two main theories that arose over time were Creationism and Evolution, both of which provided very distinct answers to this question. Creationism based its answer on the idea of a supernatural power or being that created the entire universe, man and the numerous other organisms that live within it. While, Evolution theorizes that all living things have the potential to change and grow over time into something new and different

Corporate Sustainability & Organizational Culture-Free-Samples

Question: Write a Literature Review on Organisational Culture and responses to overcoming resistance to Change. Answer: Introduction Organisational change is an integral part of the culture of all business institutes. However, it is common for every business organisation to encounter challenge while implementing cultural change within the organisation. The stakeholders of the organisation are the biggest resistance that the management has to face in order to implement change within the workplace culture (Such Mutrie, 2017). Nevertheless, there are certain unique theories of change that are implemented in the current days by various business organisations in order to deal with the resistance. With proper implementation of these theories it is possible for the organisation to overcome all the challenges and resistance that prevent Change management. It is mostly the duty of the leaders and managers of the organisation to implement policy in order to dissolve the challenges of change. The current essay will aim to highlight upon the existing literature of organisational culture and the response of the organization to implement to overcome the resistance of change. It will focus upon the various Change management theories that are implemented by various Organisations in order to bring about cultural change among the stakeholders. Changing Organizational Culture According to the paper of Jones and Jones(2010), the current age is regarded as the time of radical and turbulent changes. Changes in the labour market and Technology along with financial aspects of an organisation and the few key elements those are responsible for organisational change. It is important in this perspective for all organisations to have the ability to adapt to the change according to their own risks. Alvesson andSveningsson(2015), have mentioned in the context that most of the business organisations in the current days have accepted the fact that changed is an important part in order to survive in the tough competitive market environment. The contemporary ideas of change are based upon the fact that it is the duty of the managers of an organisation to have the ability to adapt with the changing environment. It can be also said that the rate of success of an organisation is entirely dependent upon its ability to quickly adopt the change of business environment.Williams et al., (2017), have added in the context that most of the organisational change involves changes in the culture of the organisation. Hence, culture is often regarded as one of the key elements of organisational change that helps all the stakeholders to accept the part of change. It is often seen that frequent neglect aspects of the organisational culture is one of the major reason for many organisation for failing to deal with the changed environment. The research paper of Jippes et al.,(2015), have also highlighted up on the fact that organisational culture is viewed as one of the major element to deal with all the challenges of changes that are encountered within the organisation and also the resistance that is obtained from the stakeholders. The combination of efficiency and focus along with flexibility and engagement, organisational culture is believed to be one of the key aspects of organisational competitiveness. Culture is also believed to have the ability to overcome the strategic challenges. Hence it is important for the organisation to consider the culture as an integral part of change. It is therefore believe that the organisational culture is the prime element in the matter of organisational change. It is also believed to be one of the key aspects that are needed to overcome the resistance of change. Theories related to organisational culture and change The analysis done by Burke(2017), has suggested about the stage theory of organisational change which, consists of a series of steps that are encountered by an organisation as they implement organisational change. There are several stages that an organisation needs to adopt in order to implement new innovation within the culture. It is also important for each step to have specific set of strategy, which can help the organisation to easily adapt with the changing environment. There are four phases of the stage theory. In the very first phase it is important for the organisation to be fully aware of the problem and also have the ability to implement possible solutions according to the situations. The very next step the organisation has to take decision for adopting innovation that can help them easily accept the organisational change. This is followed by the phase or stage of redefining the innovation and brings about significant modification in the structure of the organisation in ord er to accommodate the cultural change. Finally, it is important to institutionalize the innovative techniques as a practical part of organisational culture and objective (Shafritz, et al., 2015). Schneider et al.,(2013), have argued upon the fact that in spite of the popularity of this stage theory, there has not been extensive research done on the factors that can influence the organisation to move from one phase to another. It is important duty of the managers and leaders of the organisation to act as the agent of change that can help a company to accept the change of culture. Individual organisation uses their own strategies that are totally dependent upon the nature of the change and also the business environment. As per the analysis ofBenn et al., (2014), the comfort growth and panic zone model is one of the effective devices that can explain the necessary modification needed as a part in order to adapt the major organisational changes. The dynamic of this model can also explain upon the resistance that are encountered by an organisation while adopting the cultural change that is an integral part of modern day business. This model is based upon the fact that all systems within the organisation have the ability to strive for balance. The comfort zone of the organisation is based upon the experience and learning capability of the workers.Kuipers et al., (2014), have added in the context that the inability of most of the workers to seek out of the comfort zone is one of the major resistances according to this model that prevent implementation of change. Hence, this can be regarded as the major internal resistance that can be the major challenge of organisational cultural change. On the other han d, the high expectation level of the stakeholders and the society are regarded as the major external factors that prevent implementation of change. It can be said in the context that for the society and stakeholders it is very common to expect high level of increase productivity immediately after the process of change implementation. There are also the factors related to inability of learning among the stakeholders and workers of the organisation that is also one of the major challenge and resistance of change. There are two different kinds of elements that are involved with the process of change. The outward image of the institution is dependent upon the principles of Marketing. It is important for the organisation to change the principles of Marketing in order to accept the change. The major challenge in this context is there is always the risk that the customers of the organisation might not accept the new principles of Marketing and hence, deny the acceptance of new service or products. The second element is the most complex one, which is about the inward process. This is the internal factors related to change that is totally dependent upon the deep cultural aspects of the organisation. It is important in this aspect for the organisation to have a strong commitment among themselves in order to understand the positive effect of changes. This can help them to overcome all the major challenges that are related to resistance from internal and external factors. Corporate sustainability and organisational culture The research paper ofChung et al., (2014), have explored the fact related to corporate sustainability that is related to organisational cultural change. It is often believed that one of the major aspects of maintaining sustainability of a company is entirely dependent upon their ability to accept change. In this context it can be said that many business organisations in the past have not been able to survive mainly due to the fact of the inability to accept cultural change.Linnenluecke and Griffiths (2010), have argued upon the fact that over dependent on cultural change can never help an organisation to maintain sustainability in the business environment. Hence, the theories that are used to emphasize on cultural change to maintain sustainability might not be effective in every business environment. Nevertheless, the cultural change within an organisation is believed to be one of the major driving factors that can help in maintaining organisational sustainability. Conclusion In the concluding note it can be said that all the existing current literature related to organisational change focuses upon the importance of organisational culture. It is important for a business organisation to have the ability to adopt new cultural change in order to accept the overall organisational change. Theories related to organisational culture and change have been able to focus upon the resistance that has been encountered by organisation while implementing change. The degree of corporate sustainability is also dependent upon the ability to accept change within the culture References Alvesson, M., Sveningsson, S. (2015).Changing organizational culture: Cultural change work in progress.Routledge. Benn, S., Dunphy, D., Griffiths, A. (2014).Organizational change for corporate sustainability.Routledge. Burke, W. W. (2017). Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Chung, G. H., Du, J., Choi, J. N. (2014). How do employees adapt to organizational change driven by cross-border MAs? A case in China.Journal of World Business, 49(1), 78-86. Jippes, M., Driessen, E. W., Broers, N. J., Majoor, G. D., Gijselaers, W. H., van der Vleuten, C. P. (2015). Culture matters in successful curriculum change: an international study of the influence of national and organizational culture tested with multilevel structural equation modeling. Academic Medicine, 90(7), 921-929. Jones, G. R., Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change Kuipers, B. S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review. Public Administration, 92(1), 1-20. Linnenluecke, M. K., Griffiths, A. (2010).Corporate sustainability and organizational culture.Journal of world business, 45(4), 357-366. Schneider, B., Ehrhart, M. G., Macey, W. H. (2013). Organizational climate and culture.Annual review of psychology, 64, 361-388. Shafritz, J. M., Ott, J. S., Jang, Y. S. (2015).Classics of organization theory.Cengage Learning. Such, E., Mutrie, N. (2017).Using organisational cultural theory to understand workplace interventions to reduce sedentary time.International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 55(1), 18-29. Williams, N. J., Glisson, C., Hemmelgarn, A., Green, P. (2017). Mechanisms of change in the ARC organizational strategy: increasing mental health clinicians EBP adoption through improved organizational culture and capacity. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 44(2), 269-283.

The Effects of Coping-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1.What is coping? What is proactive coping? How is it measured? 2.What is personality? What is the Five Factor Model of personality? How is it measured? 3.How is personality related to coping, and proactive coping in particular? 4.Why is it important to understand how personality relates to coping? 5.What sorts of stressors are university students exposed to? 6.What are the practical applications for university students in understanding how personality relates to coping, and how it relates to proactive coping in particular. Answers: Introduction The purpose of this paper is to discover the effects of coping and specifically proactive coping that is very useful for the reduction of stress of the people in difficult circumstances. It is useful to say that proactive coping is one special category of coping. This helps to develop some future-oriented strategy that stops the negative thinking of the people and convert them into positive things i.e. their strengths. The potential stressors would not be able to affect the individual at an amount that it would have done if proactive coping had not been used. Every human being has their own set of personalities. These personalities often influence the individuals to use the proactive coping. The use of Five Factor Model is very important in this context because it helps to understand the context better. In this paper, the Five Factor Model has to be described in order to focus on the relation of personality and proactive coping among the university students. It is to be mentioned tha t Five factor Model is a very important theory in determining the personality traits of the different individuals. There are five factors in this model which can be described as openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. 1.Coping, Proactive Coping and its Measurement In order to begin the essay, the idea of coping must be clarified so that the topic can be understood better by the readers. In the modern days, the people experience various things that make them tired in mind they suffer from anxiety and mental tensions very often. This causes stress in their minds and they apply various means to resolve them. These stress situations can occur because of several issues. The way that people apply to reduce and manage the stress situations is called coping. There are many types of coping that exist to manage the different types of stress situations (Bernstein et al., 2013). Every people are different from each other in some way or the other. So, the method of coping is obviously different from each other as well. There are many strategies for coping and different coping strategies work differently for those people (Folkman, 2013). These coping strategies depend on the personalities and individual skills of those individuals. The working power of these coping strategies is thoroughly different as well. It is because there are some coping strategies which do not work like th e others because they are not meant for the long-run efficiency but these strategies are designed to work for a shorter period only. The coping strategies help the people two stay calm in difficult conditions and benefit the human beings in different ways (Bernstein et al., 2013). Proactive coping is one type of coping that is an affirmative process in fixing the strategies for coping (Carver Connor-Smith, 2010). In this process, the potential stressors can be comprehended beforehand and they have to be either prevented by the individual or their influence has to be silenced. Many social-cognitive issues are associated with it because it deals with the several factors like the organizational behavior, discrimination among people (Robbins Judge, 2012). It also includes management of serious things and many others (Skinner Pitzer, 2012). Many other aspects are associated with this. The process of proactive coping involves many factors like the goal setting for some project, deriving to powerful and active beliefs (Bernstein et al., 2013). This helps to gain the self-improvement of the individuals and the social support as well. Proactive coping has to be measured by different procedures. The way of measuring the proactive coping is done by a scale that is called the Proactive Coping Inventory (PCI) (Bogdan, Rioux Negovan, 2012). This inventory had been developed to assess the different proactive approaches to coping and there are seven subscales of it. These are proactive coping, preventive coping, reflective coping, strategic planning, instrumental support seeking, emotional support seeking and avoidance coping (Carver Connor-Smith, 2010). This inventory has to be applied either by the interviewer or self-administered individual in 15-20 minutes. This scale has been translated into 12 languages and they are German, Dutch, Spanish, Polish, Turkish, Italian, Japanese, Portugese, Hebrew, Russian, Czech and Arabic (Carver Connor-Smith, 2010). The scoring is done through the following process in the Proactive Coping inventory. In this process, 1 means not at all true, 2 means barely true, 3 means somewhat true and 4 means completely true. The responses to the questions have to be summed up by the interviewer in seven subscales. The range of scores is:- Subscale Range of scores Proactive coping 14-56 Reflective coping 11-44 Preventive coping 10-40 Avoidance coping 3-12 Instrumental support seeking 8-32 Emotional support seeking 5-20 Strategic planning 4-16 2.Personality, Five Factor Model and its measurement Personality is a psychological term that means the set of characteristics a person possesses and the characteristics which are so very unique in them because they vary from individual to individual (Carver Connor-Smith, 2010). These personality elements are influenced by environments, cognitions, motivations, behaviors and their emotions as a whole. The topic of personality has a broad understanding keeping in mind the various things like the perceptions, values and attitudes of the individual human beings. There are many historical traditions to study personality. This can be divided in two major ways which are the Nomothetic and the Ideographic personality (Hambrick McCord, 2010). There are many theories that can be associated with personality. These theories are a) Type theories, b) Psychoanalytic theories, c) Behaviorist theories, d) Social cognitive theories, e) Humanistic theories, f) Bio-psychological theories and g) Evolutionary theory (Drummond Brough, 2016). Many psychologists, over the years have thought that all the personality traits can be assimilated into five factors and these factors can be called as the Five Factor Model of Personality (Chmielewski, Morgan, 2013). These five factors are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. Openness to experience In this trait many factors like emotion, art, unusual and creative ideas, variety of experiences come. It signifies the extent to which a person can be imaginative and how can he welcome creativity (Drummond Brough, 2016). Conscientiousness This trait signifies the extent of self-discipline, dutifulness, competence and thoughtfulness. According to this trait, an individual will focus on his or her behavior. People who are high conscientious in behavior prefer to be planned and hardworking and organized (Drummond Brough, 2016). Extraversion The qualities in the persons with high extraversion are high energy, positive mindset, talkativeness, socially active and assertiveness (Kandler, 2012). The people with lower extraversion are characterized by quietness, solitariness and avoiding of large reunions. Agreeableness This is a positive psychological trait that shows that the individual has compassion and co-operation with others rather than suspicion and negative attitude (Cobb-Clark Schurer, 2012). It can be measured from this trait whether the person is trusting and helpful and if he is not short-tempered. People who are low scorers in agreeableness are deemed as rude. Neuroticism Persons who score high on neuroticism are considered to be very angry, anxious, depressed and vulnerable (Ormel et al., 2013). This also focuses on the stability of emotions of the individual. The people scoring high in this are emotionally instable as well. 3.Relation of personality and coping, specially proactive coping Coping, specifically proactive coping has a strong relation with the personality traits and the Five Factor Model of the personality traits are deeply involved with it (Straud, McNaughton-Cassill Fuhrman, 2015). In this case, it can be said that neuroticism reflects a negative thought process in the human beings so neuroticism is correlated with neuroticism in a big way. It can also be pointed out that the people who are high in conscientiousness are much harder in working, objective-oriented and they are very organized in their lifestyles (Carver Connor-Smith, 2010). Thus, one can assume that conscientiousness is very much affirmatively correlated with proactive coping. The other personality traits like the extraversion and agreeableness can also be attributed to the positive aspects of proactive coping. If a thorough research work is done about the relationship between the personality and coping, one would see that personality is very important factor in understanding of the copi ng abilities of the human beings, especially proactive coping abilities. The correlations between these two factors are very strong and they are very deeply related (Moring, Fuhrman Zauszniewski, 2011). It can be considered from the different personality aspects of a person that when he scores high in personality traits like conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeableness with low scores in neuroticism, he is a person with high level coping abilities. Therefore, it is better to say that when a person is conscientious (success-oriented), extraverted (cheerful), ready to change (agreeable) and not depressed (neurotic), is going to be successful in the works he undertakes and he should be able to avoid the potential stressors and not succumb to them (Straud, McNaughton-Cassill Fuhrman, 2015). 4.Importance of relationship between personality and coping It is very important to know that personality and coping are deeply interrelated to each other. This relationship is very significant is determining the various behavioral aspects of the human beings. There are many types of coping which exists to understand the topic better. These types of coping are also deeply related with each other. The different personality traits like conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism and extraversion judges the coping abilities of the human beings. It is because every person faces difficult times and they are all influenced by the potential stressors (Drummond Brough, 2016). These stressors make them upset and they are negatively motivated. Since, this is not acceptable and they should learn to tackle these situations, coping abilities should be developed to find the solutions to the problems. Difficult times come when people expect it at the least. The coping abilities which are positive in nature motivate the human beings to fight against those odds (Moring, Fuhrman Zauszniewski, 2011). When a person is success-oriented and goal driven, he should have the abilities to be stand up against the failures. Thus, extraversion and agreeableness also provides positive coping abilities and neuroticism is a negative aspect in the personality traits. These things make the human beings learn about how to cope up with the difficult situations (Straud, McNaughton-Cassill Fuhrman, 2015). 5.The sort of stressors among university students There are some common stressors which are typically seen among the students. These stressors are very common and affect their mental health because they come under huge stress so they lag behind in their studies and their normal lives. They may face the stress because of some events in their personal lives that they cannot share with anyone. This may be a cause of stress in their lives. They may also have to tackle relationship problems in their personal lives. Some students do not possess IQ level as others so they do not have the same academic intelligence and they suffer from mental anguish because of this reason (Jauk et al., 2013). This creates a sort of stress in their minds. Some students who are not intelligent enough may face harassments in their universities and classes. These harassments create a long-lasting negative impression in their minds that leads them to stressful situations. It is a notable that money has now become a serious fact in education and there is no way out from that. The expense for higher education courses is huge and some students cannot afford this kind of amount. The situation may be that a student wanted to pursue his higher students in Microbiology and then go on to research in that subject for his PhD degree. The tragedy came that he could not do so because of the shortage of money. Only because of this reason that student may have to study a different subject which he may not like that much. His grades would fall down and he can feel stressed because of this reason as well. The National Sleep Foundation has declared that it is essential for everyone to have a proper time of sleep during the day. If the students do not get proper time to sleep because of extra pressure in their studies it will be problematic for them to adjust with the changes and they will feel stress very normally. Students who have poor eating habits also suffer from stresses (Regehr, Glancy Pitts, 2013). 6.Relationship between personality and coping, specially proactive coping among university students The studies in the field of coping and personality shows that stressful events occur earlier than the coping process when students of the universities go through certain difficult stressful situations (Sagone De Caroli, 2014). These stresses would make the university students weaker mentally and this would affect their performance in studies. The coping procedure comes after the stressful events when the university students have to buck themselves up by tackling against those stressful conditions. As it has been discussed earlier, proactive coping is considered to be the most important element in personality and one of the most crucial protective resources as well. Proactive coping prevents the students from getting too stressed and depressed as it promotes the psychological wellness among the students (Drummond Brough, 2016). The positive elements of proactive coping like conscientiousness, openness to experience; extraversion and neuroticism would be provoked in them so that they can be able to confront with the mental stress and thus overcoming them (Check et al., 2014). Proactive coping is more important than the traditional coping because it helps to motivate the students to perform better in their academic life and provides them courage to progress with whatever he has (Sagone De Caroli, 2014). The challenges make them strong while they learn to cope up with the difficult present and prepare for their future. Conclusion This paper can be concluded in the way that all the aspects of coping and personality have been highlighted and properly discussed during the essay. It has been found that stressful situations really affect the students life and their academic life will be hampered if they suffer from stress. All the major characteristics of coping and proactive coping have been discussed so that these characteristics would help the students in their quest to overcome the stressful situations and hence, get motivated. This motivation due to proactive coping would make them successful in the future. All the positive aspects of the proactive coping have to be maintained by the university students and at a larger aspect, by all the human beings. References Bernstein, D. A., Pooley, J. A., Cohen, L., Goldthorpe, B., Provost, S., Cranney, J., ... Roy, E. J. (2013). Psychology: an international discipline in context: Australian and New Zealand Edition. Bogdan, C., Rioux, L., Negovan, V. (2012). Place attachment, proactive coping and well-being in university environment.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,33, 865-869. Carver, C. S., Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping.Annual review of psychology,61, 679-704. Cheng, C., Lau, H. P. B., Chan, M. P. S. (2014). Coping flexibility and psychological adjustment to stressful life changes: A meta-analytic review. Chmielewski, M. S., Morgan, T. A. (2013). Five-Factor Model of Personality. InEncyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine(pp. 803-804). Springer New York. Cobb-Clark, D. A., Schurer, S. (2012). The stability of big-five personality traits.Economics Letters,115(1), 11-15. Drummond, S., Brough, P. (2016). Proactive coping and preventive coping: Evidence for two distinct constructs?.Personality and Individual Differences,92, 123-127. Folkman, S. (2013).Stress: appraisal and coping(pp. 1913-1915). Springer New York. Hambrick, E. P., McCord, D. M. (2010). Proactive coping and its relation to the five-factor model of personality.Individual Differences Research,8(2), 67-77. Jauk, E., Benedek, M., Dunst, B., Neubauer, A. C. (2013). The relationship between intelligence and creativity: New support for the threshold hypothesis by means of empirical breakpoint detection.Intelligence,41(4), 212-221. Kandler, C. (2012). Nature and nurture in personality development: The case of neuroticism and extraversion.Current Directions in Psychological Science,21(5), 290-296. Moring, J., Fuhrman, R., Zauszniewski, J. A. (2011). Interrelatedness of proactive coping, reactive coping, and learned resourcefulness.Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development,44(4), 204-214. Ormel, J., Jeronimus, B. F., Kotov, R., Riese, H., Bos, E. H., Hankin, B., ... Oldehinkel, A. J. (2013). Neuroticism and common mental disorders: Meaning and utility of a complex relationship.Clinical psychology review,33(5), 686-697. Regehr, C., Glancy, D., Pitts, A. (2013). Interventions to reduce stress in university students: A review and meta-analysis.Journal of affective disorders,148(1), 1-11. Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. (2012).Essentials of organizational behavior. Essex: Pearson. Sagone, E., De Caroli, M. E. (2014). A correlational study on dispositional resilience, psychological well-being, and coping strategies in university students.American Journal of Educational Research,2(7), 463-471. Skinner, E. A., Pitzer, J. R. (2012). Developmental dynamics of student engagement, coping, and everyday resilience. InHandbook of research on student engagement(pp. 21-44). Springer US. Straud, C., McNaughton-Cassill, M., Fuhrman, R. (2015). The role of the Five Factor Model of personality with proactive coping and preventative coping among college students.Personality and Individual Differen

Language in Montessori free essay sample

The Montessori classroom uses the phonics approach to teach reading. Outline the graded phonics sequence and state the reading skills required at each stage. â€Å"Language lies at the root of that transformation of the environment that we call civilization. † (source 3) Language is the ability to understand speech and a desire to convey one’s feelings and thoughts. It is through communication that human beings are able to cooperate with each other to solve common problems. It is through communication based on written and oral language in particular that each generation has passed on its accumulating wisdom to the next. Language, we may say, grow with human thought†. (source 4). Language is the ability to understand speech and a desire to convey one’s feelings and thoughts. It is part of the human tendencies to want to communicate with others. Montessori said, ‘To talk is the nature of man’. Humans needed language in order to communicate, and soon, the powers that come with the language revealed. We will write a custom essay sample on Language in Montessori or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The evolution of the human language began when communication was done through pictograms and drawings. By reading I mean the interpretation of an idea by means of graphics or a symbol†¦A child does not read until he receives ideas from the written word† ( source 5 ) It then developed into ideograms when pictures began to turn into symbols. Later, these symbols became words, words involved letters, vowels emerged, and one symbol came to represent one sound. Language differentiates a community from one another but at time it also unites and binds human beings of different races together through a common language. The sensitive period for language occurs from birth to six years old. This sensibility is transitory and once gone it will never return. The language explosive happenings and eruptions in his powers of expressions continue in the child well after the age of two. After two and a half years old, which marks the borderline of man’s mental formation, begins a new period in organizing the language and this continues to develop without explosion, learn many new words and perfects his sentence formation. At six years old, a child has learnt to speak correctly according to the rules of his mother tongue. Reading and writing go hand in hand. Montessori observed that young children often have â€Å"an explosion into writing† and because of their early sensorial awareness, writing comes before actual reading. Through the sensorial exercises the child has preparation to handle the pencil and the sensitivity of touch develops through the tactile exercises and the eye is trained for developing eye-hand coordination . This indirect preparation for writing is achieved by the development and refinement of the senses of touch, sight and sound. (Source1) Language skills are encouraged through a phonics curriculum. Children learn the sounds of letters then match objects to the letters and eventually use a movable alphabet to form simple words. This is the beginning of the reading stage. It is an important tool of culture, and as such, children need to be given the correct introduction to all aspects of language from a very early age. It is important for the child to read with comprehension and write with correct grammar, spelling and vocabulary. There are exercises that prepare the child’s hand to use writing tools, while his mind is being given information he may record. Language is an empowering skill in the Montessori setting. The role of the directress is pivotal and she can induce the child to reach high levels of verbal and written expression. â€Å"In every exercise when the child has recognized the differences between the qualities of the objects, the teacher fixes the idea of this quality with a word. † ( source 5) Language is spread through the Montessori curriculum . It is used in Sensorial, Practical life and Math lessons. The sensitive period for language is the longest because we are never finished learning new vocabulary. The social graces are taught through the use of language: the child learns to be polite and communicate through verbal expression. Language gives the child a sense of meaningful existence. â€Å"The mind and the hand are prepared separately for written language and follow different roads to the same goal†. ( source 5 ) Phonics based materials lead children through a natural progression of writing and reading skills. The development of language is an umbrella for the entire Montessori curriculum. Language is divided into three areas: Speaking, Writing and Reading. Speech develops naturally in a child . From 2 to 6 years of age ,the child is at his sensitive period for language and is said to have an â€Å"absorbent mind†. While the child retains many of the sounds he/ she hear, the information is stored randomly in different places in the mind. Typically around the age of 2 ? , an explosion of actual speech and language in the child’s mother tongue takes place. â€Å"Phonetic â€Å"means by sound and the Montessori reading program is based on the sounds associated with the letters of the alphabet. The child moves progressively from single sound of single letters (e. â€Å"s†) to more complicated sound of a group or combination of letters which are called â€Å"phonograms† . A phonetic word is a word that the child can read by pronouncing the sound of each letter the way he was taught using the sandpaper letters. Dr Montessori on sandpaper letters : â€Å" This process forms the first preparation ,not only for wri ting ,but also for reading ,because it is evident that when the child touches the letters he performs movement corresponding to the writing of them,and,at the same time, when he recognizes them by sight he is reading the alphabet. (Source 2) The sandpaper letters provides the child a three –fold impression by seeing, touching and hearing the sound of the letters. The repetition of this exercise fixes the path of each of the letters in the child’s muscular memory, which prepares the child for hand writing at a later stage. After the letter sounds and shapes with the sandpaper letter, the Movable Alphabets is the next exercise for the child to learn about words. The set contains 155 movable alphabets, 10 pieces of each vowel in blue and 5 pieces of each consonant in red. It enables the child to build words and simple sentences. The Movable Alphabets will work together with the pink, blue and green schemes. Objects and toys represent three letter words, such as bed, lid, pan. The teacher sounds out the words slowly so the child can hear the sound- b†¦e†¦d. The child selects the letter for the first sound. Then the child selects the letter for the second and then the third sound. When the child is confident at word building, the child is introduced to the pink boxes. The first box has objects and corresponding three letter phonic word cards. They progress to pictures and word cards. The child can move on to longer words and sentences. The first level in the reading scheme is called the â€Å"Pink Scheme†, representing reading of phonetic words with three letters or less. The next level is â€Å"Blue Scheme†, representing reading of phonetic words with four or more letters. The last level is â€Å"Green Scheme†, representing reading of words with phonograms. Pink Scheme: A child will learn the basic sounds of the 26 alphabets through the sandpaper letters. After which, he/ she will learn how to blend 2 to 3 lettered phonetically sounded words together , e. . ‘cat’, ‘mat’, ‘dog’, ‘pup’. The child will also be introduced to sight words like ‘the’ , ‘a’, . Upon mastering the above type of words ,he/she will proceed on to reading sentences and booklets consisting 3 lettered phonetic words. The Large Movable Alphabets (LMA) will be used to build words through blending in dividual sounds together. This will help a child in his/her spelling skills. Blue Scheme: Children having mastered the words in the pink scheme will move on to this stage whereby they will blend 4, 5 and 6 lettered phonetically sounded words together. Words like ‘rock’ will be introduced. Upon mastering the above type of words , children will proceed on to reading sentences and booklets consisting 4 , 5 ,or 6 lettered phonetically sounded words. They will continue to work with the LMA as they continue to build words through blending individual sounds together . Simple grammar like â€Å"Singular ‘ and â€Å"Plural’ are also introduced at the end of the blue scheme. Green Scheme: This is the final stage of the Montessori English curriculum. Children at this stage are introduced to phonograms, e. g ‘oo’, ’ee’, ‘ie’ etc. Phonograms are words formed by 2 vowels. Words like ‘rain’ , ‘train’, ’book’ etc are words that a child will get to learn . Upon mastering the above type of words ,the child will proceed on to reading sentences and booklets consisting phonograms. They will now work with the Small Movable Alphabet (SMA) as they build words through blending phonograms with other phonetically sounded letters together. Comprehension, composition, grammar and vocabulary will be introduced at the end of this scheme. The insets are the first direct preparation for handwriting in a Montessori classroom. They are the most important materials for establishing basic habits in handwriting that the child will retain for the rest of his life. â€Å"Metal insets teach the child how to organize the movement of writing, which brings him to the management of the pen† (source 2) Prior to introducing the insets, extensive indirect preparation for handwriting is done through practical life materials and sensorial materials to establish order, concentration, coordination and independence in a child. In particular, the fine motor muscles developed through the three-finger grasp exercises, prepare the child for success in handwriting. The left to right, and top to bottom sequencing of materials patterned the writing directionality. Other than indirectly prepare for handwriting, the sensorial materials like knobbed cylinders and knobs on geometric cabinets insets also reinforced the three –finger grasp required for grasping the pencil. The lightness of touch and the relaxed movement of the wrist is introduced with the tactile boards and the tactile tablets. An indirect preparation for writing begins with Practical Life Exercises, which are presented to the children when they enter the Montessori classroom ideally at age three. The purpose of these exercises is not to learn the particular skill involved, although this accomplishment undoubtedly will aid the self confidence and independence of the children. The direct preparation of writing begins with the use of sandpaper letters as a form of kinesthetic practice. At the same time, the muscular movement needed for writing is refined by the use of thumb and index finger to grasp tiny knobs . Control of a pencil is developed by tracing of frames with the insets. The children’s introduction to the phonemic awareness is through the â€Å"I Spy† game. A few miniature objects are placed in front of the children . The teacher will say,’I spy with my little brown eye something that begins with the sound ‘b’. This game allows us to determine that the child can isolate initial sounds indicating a developmental readiness for learning letters. The sounds of the alphabet are introduced to the child using the sandpaper letters. The child feels the shape of the letter sees it and hears the sound simultaneously. The first set includes the letters s, b, n, t, c, and a. The teacher selects three letters for the first lesson. We give what we call a three period lesson that reflects different levels of understanding. First period: ‘This letter makes the sound ‘buh’-child traces and repeats the sound. The teacher follows the same for the rest of the letters. Second period: All three letters are placed in front of the child . Which letter says the sound ‘buh’? When the child can successfully recognize each letter, the teacher will move to the next step. Third period: The three letters are placed in front of the child. The teacher asks â€Å"What sound does this make†? and the child produces the corresponding letter sound. The three period lessons are used in the review and the introduction of a new material. The Montessori reading material is classified into the Pink scheme, the Blue scheme, and the Green scheme. The aim of the Pink scheme is to give the child a variety of work of the same style to maintain her interest. The Blue scheme is the same format of materials that give the child lots of practice reading phonetic words. While the Green scheme is where reading fluency really begins. It includes silent letters. â€Å"In brief, writing helps a child’s physiologically and reading helps him socially† (source5) The activities in the language area help us understand and appreciate the world.

Free Essays on Technological Trends

Technological Trends Today in our society our privacy has been periodically been taken away piece by piece. We no longer have control over what we want other’s to see. If someone can find the floor plan to my house just by inserting my license plate into a website then something is definitely wrong. Our privacy issues should be dealt with immediately, but it seems as if we are losing our privacy more and more as each day passes by. There is no possible way as individuals to avoid this loss of privacy. The internet has given anyone the power to get specific details on anyone they wish. It keeps getting worse, President Bush is pushing the envelope over internet security and privacy. He is pushing a plan to permit internet surveillance. He is asking the U.S. Senate to ratify a global agreement created to help police worldwide cooperate to fight internet crimes. The agreement also makes it mandatory for each participating nation to grant new powers of search and seizure to its law enforcement authorities, this would allow Police to force an ISP to preserve a customers usage records and to monitor his or her online activity as it occurs. This is ridiculous, how can we allow our civil liberties to be destroyed like this? Privacy is sacred to some, to other’s it’s unimportant. Most people would not like a random person to have such direct access to their personal information. I for one would never want someone I don’t know to have such in depth information about my house, or my car, or about my daily life. Is there any way for anyone to avoid this loss of privacy? It seems impossible unless someone would go to the extent of selling their house and car and relocating to some remote area of the desert. I will not give up my daily life and possessions just because my information is out there. As much as I despise my life being available to anyone it doesn’t bother me enough to actually do something about it. I ... Free Essays on Technological Trends Free Essays on Technological Trends Technological Trends Today in our society our privacy has been periodically been taken away piece by piece. We no longer have control over what we want other’s to see. If someone can find the floor plan to my house just by inserting my license plate into a website then something is definitely wrong. Our privacy issues should be dealt with immediately, but it seems as if we are losing our privacy more and more as each day passes by. There is no possible way as individuals to avoid this loss of privacy. The internet has given anyone the power to get specific details on anyone they wish. It keeps getting worse, President Bush is pushing the envelope over internet security and privacy. He is pushing a plan to permit internet surveillance. He is asking the U.S. Senate to ratify a global agreement created to help police worldwide cooperate to fight internet crimes. The agreement also makes it mandatory for each participating nation to grant new powers of search and seizure to its law enforcement authorities, this would allow Police to force an ISP to preserve a customers usage records and to monitor his or her online activity as it occurs. This is ridiculous, how can we allow our civil liberties to be destroyed like this? Privacy is sacred to some, to other’s it’s unimportant. Most people would not like a random person to have such direct access to their personal information. I for one would never want someone I don’t know to have such in depth information about my house, or my car, or about my daily life. Is there any way for anyone to avoid this loss of privacy? It seems impossible unless someone would go to the extent of selling their house and car and relocating to some remote area of the desert. I will not give up my daily life and possessions just because my information is out there. As much as I despise my life being available to anyone it doesn’t bother me enough to actually do something about it. I ...

Cultural Event Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Cultural Event Report - Essay Example t shows (as any Museum should) it was also plainly obvious that it was also the mission of the Air and Space Museum to impress you with the resources of the American government, and the American people and what they have done for air and space travel generally. Many of the exhibits were historical in nature, such as Amelia Ehardht’s plane, or rockets used to get people into space, or return vehicles from the mission to the moon. While I attended, however, there was an exhibit going on Entitled â€Å"NASA ART: 50 Years of Exploration,† which detailed art that had been made as a result of NASA’s effort. Two of these pieces struck me especially, â€Å"Fluid Dynamics† by Tina York and â€Å"Remembering Columbia† by Chakaia Booker. They are basically at opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of what they do artistically, but both are incredibly interesting, and show the immense influence science has on our culture. â€Å"Fluid Dynamics† was a very interesting piece: the artist spent several years working with NASA scientists research fluid dynamics before making it, and was trying to represent the motion that is inherent in his field of study through a still medium (Smithsonian 2011a). It really showed the huge impact that science has on art: we understand natural beauty, but science can help simulate it better, and can create a huge influence on the mind of the artist. â€Å"Remembering Columbia† was, as mentioned previously, on the opposite end of the spectrum. It consisted of strips of rubber worked together to almost look like a bow (as in on a present, not the weapon), or a knot – or possibly an atom. This piece has physicality to it, and was created to remember those who lost their lives on the Columbia disaster in 2003 (Smithsonian 2011b). The pieces of rubber included those collected from the tire of the space shuttle itself, which were donated for the cause. This shows how deeply space exploration has entrenched in our culture: astronaut are